Pre-clinical studies refer to research conducted before clinical trials in humans, usually involving testing on animals or in vitro models. These studies are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of potential new treatments or therapies before they are tested in human subjects. Pre-clinical studies often focus on pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and potential side effects of the treatment, as well as its mechanism of action. The results of pre-clinical studies help researchers make informed decisions about whether to move forward with clinical trials in humans.